Physical Address
304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124
Google is known for having one of the hardest technical interviews. So we’ve hand-picked these difficult questions to help you prepare. Get ready to nail your SWE, SRE or SET interview!
Write a function to find the 2nd largest element in a binary search tree. ↴
Here’s a sample binary tree node class:
class BinaryTreeNode(object):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
self.left = None
self.right = None
def insert_left(self, value):
self.left = BinaryTreeNode(value)
return self.left
def insert_right(self, value):
self.right = BinaryTreeNode(value)
return self.right
Our first thought might be to do an in-order traversal of the BST ↴ and return the second-to-last item. This means looking at every node in the BST. That would take O(n) time and O(h) space, where h is the max height of the tree (which is lg(n) if the tree is balanced, ↴ but could be as much as n if not).
We can do better than O(n)O(n) time and O(h)O(h) space.
We can do this in one walk from top to bottom of our BST. This means O(h)O(h) time (again, that’s O(\lg{n})O(lgn) if the tree is balanced, O(n)O(n) otherwise).
A clean recursive implementation will take O(h)O(h) space in the call stack, ↴ but we can bring our algorithm down to O(1)O(1) space overall.
Let’s start by solving a simplified version of the problem and see if we can adapt our approach from there. How would we find the largest element in a BST?
A reasonable guess is to say the largest element is simply the “rightmost” element.
So maybe we can start from the root and just step down right child pointers until we can’t anymore (until the right child is None). At that point the current node is the largest in the whole tree.
Is this sufficient? We can prove it is by contradiction:
If the largest element were not the “rightmost,” then the largest element would either:
But each of these leads to a contradiction:
So the “rightmost” element must be the largest.
How would we formalize getting the “rightmost” element in code?
We can use a simple recursive approach. At each step:
def find_largest(root_node): if root_node.right:
return find_largest(root_node.right)
return root_node.value
Okay, so we can find the largest element. How can we adapt this approach to find the second largest element?
Our first thought might be, “it’s simply the parent of the largest element!” That seems obviously true when we imagine a nicely balanced tree like this one:
. ( 5 ) / \
(3) (8)
/ \ / \
(1) (4) (7) (9)
But what if the largest element itself has a left subtree?
. ( 5 )
/ \
(3) (8)
/ \ / \
(1) (4) (7) (12)
/
(10)
/ \
(9) (11)
Here the parent of our largest is 8, but the second largest is 11.
Drat, okay so the second largest isn’t necessarily the parent of the largest…back to the drawing board…
Wait. No. The second largest is the parent of the largest if the largest does not have a left subtree. If we can handle the case where the largest does have a left subtree, we can handle all cases, and we have a solution.
So let’s try sticking with this. How do we find the second largest when the largest has a left subtree?
It’s the largest item in that left subtree! Whoa, we freaking just wrote a function for finding the largest element in a tree. We could use that here!
How would we code this up?
def find_largest(root_node): if root_node is None:
raise ValueError('Tree must have at least 1 node')
if root_node.right is not None:
return find_largest(root_node.right)
return root_node.value
def find_second_largest(root_node):
if (root_node is None or
(root_node.left is None and root_node.right is None)):
raise ValueError('Tree must have at least 2 nodes')
# Case: we're currently at largest, and largest has a left subtree,
# so 2nd largest is largest in said subtree
if root_node.left and not root_node.right:
return find_largest(root_node.left)
# Case: we're at parent of largest, and largest has no left subtree,
# so 2nd largest must be current node
if (root_node.right and
not root_node.right.left and
not root_node.right.right):
return root_node.value
# Otherwise: step right
return find_second_largest(root_node.right)
Okay awesome. This’ll work. It’ll take O(h) time (where h is the height of the tree) and O(h) space.
But that h space in the call stack ↴ is avoidable. How can we get this down to constant space?
We start with a function for getting the largest value. The largest value is simply the “rightmost” one, so we can get it in one walk down the tree by traversing rightward until we don’t have a right child anymore:
def find_largest(root_node): current = root_node
while current:
if not current.right:
return current.value
current = current.right
With this in mind, we can also find the second largest in one walk down the tree. At each step, we have a few cases:
def find_largest(root_node): current = root_node
while current:
if not current.right:
return current.value
current = current.right
def find_second_largest(root_node):
if (root_node is None or
(root_node.left is None and root_node.right is None)):
raise ValueError('Tree must have at least 2 nodes')
current = root_node
while current:
# Case: current is largest and has a left subtree
# 2nd largest is the largest in that subtree
if current.left and not current.right:
return find_largest(current.left)
# Case: current is parent of largest, and largest has no children,
# so current is 2nd largest
if (current.right and
not current.right.left and
not current.right.right):
return current.value
current = current.right
We’re doing one walk down our BST, which means O(h) time, where h is the height of the tree (again, that’s O(lgn) if the tree is balanced, O(n) otherwise). O(1) space.
Here we used a “simplify, solve, and adapt” strategy.
The question asks for a function to find the second largest element in a BST, so we started off by simplifying the problem: we thought about how to find the first largest element.
Once we had a strategy for that, we adapted that strategy to work for finding the second largest element.
It may seem counter-intuitive to start off by solving the wrong question. But starting off with a simpler version of the problem is often much faster, because it’s easier to wrap our heads around right away.
One more note about this one:
Breaking things down into cases is another strategy that really helped us here.
Notice how simple finding the second largest node got when we divided it into two cases:
Whenever a problem is starting to feel complicated, try breaking it down into cases.
It can be really helpful to actually draw out sample inputs for those cases. This’ll keep your thinking organized and also help get your interviewer on the same page.
In our experience, we suggest you solve this Practice Questions for the Google Interview and gain some new skills from Professionals completely free and we assure you will be worth it.
If you are stuck anywhere between any coding problem, just visit Queslers to get the Practice Questions for the Google Interview
I hope this Practice Questions for the Google Interview would be useful for you to learn something new from this problem. If it helped you then don’t forget to bookmark our site for more Coding Solutions.
This Problem is intended for audiences of all experiences who are interested in learning about Data Science in a business context; there are no prerequisites.
Keep Learning!
More Coding Solutions >>